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Sopwith Models: denudation & faultingModels showing the effect of denudation and faulting on how rock strata appear at the surface. Thomas Sopwith (1803 - 1879)
Sopwith Model II: Coal strata near NewcastleUnlike the models of generic situations this representation of coal strata was specific to a particular surveyed location in England showing several thin, and mostly hidden, coal seams
Sopwith Model VII: Denudation of mineral veinsThis model shows the influence of surface denudation and faulting on otherwise flat, horizontal strata. The discontinuity between the beds as viewed at the surface can be seen
Sopwith Model VI: Intersecting mineral veinsThis Model, rather than representing the strata as they would appear at the surface, shows how a seam of coal can be displaced in the subsurface by various modes of faulting
Sopwith Model XI: Vertical intersecting veinsThis model, when separated, shows the complex interface between faulted strata of rocks. Thomas Sopwith (1803 - 1879) was an eminent geologist
Sopwith Model XII: Mineral vein denudationThis model shows the influence of surface denudation and faulting on inclined strata, with increased complexity to the situation in Model VII
Sopwith Model VIII: Overcutting of strataThis model shows overcut strata: when the layers of rock are inclined at a gentler angle than the eroded slope, the resulting vee pattern points uphill
Sopwith Model VII: Surface denudationThis model shows the influence of surface denudation and faulting on otherwise flat, horizontal strata. The discontinuity between the beds as viewed at the surface can be seen
Sopwith Model X: Denuded basset of strataThis model shows undercut strata: when the layers of rock are inclined at a steeper angle than the eroded slope, the resulting vee pattern points downhill
Sopwith Model V: Dislocations of coal strataThis model shows that while very little coal may appear at ground level, coal seams (subject to faults and dislocations) can be found below the ground
Sopwith Model IV: Fallacious coal indicationsThis model depicts the scenario where from the surface an abundance of coal appears to exist, but there is actually very little quantity below
Sopwith Model III: Dislocation of strataThis model represents the side of a valley of denudation, with undisturbed horizontal beds of sedimentary rock when fully assembled
Sopwith Model I: Stratified rocks / denudationBlack lines in this model represent coal seams, between lighter shales and sandstones. When separated the lower section shows a gently inclined valley floor
Sopwith Model II: Coal strata nr NewcastleUnlike the models of generic situations this representation of coal strata was specific to a particular surveyed location in England showing several thin, and mostly hidden, coal seams
Cover of Thomas Sopwiths Geological Model SetThomas Sopwith (1803 - 1879) was an eminent geologist and civil engineer who pioneered methods of representing geological features
Thomas Sopwiths Geological Model SetThomas Sopwith (1803 - 1879) was an eminent geologist and civil engineer who pioneered methods of representing geological features
Snow beds in the Th lonok Valley, HimalayasLithograph from Himalayan Journals by Joseph Dalton Hooker
The natural arches of Icononzo, BoliviaEngraving of a sketch by Alexander Humboldt, 1810, of the natural geological formations that provide a crossing for the deep canyon Date: 1810
Tequendama Falls, ColombiaEngraving of a sketch by Alexander Humboldt, 1810 Date: 1810
Plate 25 from Mineralogie Volume 1 (1790)Spath calcaire groupes sur mine de Fer en pyramide. Tire du Cabinet de Mr d Orcy. From Recuille complet de Mineralogie vol.1 (1790) by F.L. Swebach Desfontaines. Date: 1790
Landscape in Tertiary era Europe.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil skeletons of great Irish deer and woolly mammoth.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich
Fossil skeletons of extinct bat, giraffid, mastodon and horse.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber
Fossil skulls and skeletons.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil skeletons of fish, shell, bird and monkey.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Restoration of a landscape in Cretaceous Europe.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossils of algae, plants, insects and protozoa.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossils of extinct celaphopod, crustacean, turtle and shark.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber
Fossils of skeletons of extinct dinosaurs and mammals.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich
Fossil skeleton, tooth, skull and excrement.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil of extinct tubeworm, dragonfly, lobster and fish.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich
Triassic landscape with plants and amphibians.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil conifer trees, shells and lobster.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil skull, tooth, and footprints.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Animal, shell and fish fossils.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossil plants and a scorpion.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Fossils of fish, crustaceans, and amphibians.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolle's Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert's Natural History, Schreiber, Munich
European landscape in the Diluvial era.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Geological cross-sections of mountains.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Geological cross-sections of Black Forest, South Tyrol, Vesuvius.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber
Title page with vignettes of dinosaurs, skeletons, and fossils.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Fr. Rolles Geology and Paleontology section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber
Metals including bismuth, uraninite and titanite crystals.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Metals including galena, cerussite and zinc.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Metals including stalactitic lepidocrocite, hematite, limonites, etc.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber
Metals including magnetic iron ore, pyrite, bloodstone, etc.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Minerals including cuprite crystals, azurite, malachite, etc.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Precious metals including mercury, copper and bornite.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886
Precious metals including silver, argentite and pyrargyrite.. Chromolithograph from Dr. Adolph Kenngotts Mineralogy section in Gotthilf Heinrich von Schuberts Natural History, Schreiber, Munich, 1886