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Banded iron specimenThis banded iron specimen measures 7 cm thick and is about 3, 000 million years old, from the Murchison Goldfield, Western Australia
LibetheniteWedge-shaped, dark green crystals of libethenite (copper phosphate hydroxide) with pale brown duftite. Specimen from the Phoenix mine, Lnkinhorne, Cornwall
VarisciteA rare, bluish green, mineral, found in aluminum-rich rocks. Variscite comprises of (hydrated aluminum phosphate)
Scotlandite comprises of (lead sulphite) and derives from the sulphates group. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London originally from Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland
CassiteriteA dark-brown single crystal of cassiterite among quartz. Cassiterite comprises of (tin oxide) and forms ornately faceted crystals with high lustre. Specimen from Turnavore mine, St. Agnes, Cornwall
Cassiterite pseudomorphous after orthoclaseBrown granular cassiterite (tin oxide) have replaced twinned orthoclase crystals. Wheal Coates, St. Agnes, Cornwall
The South Africa Gold Fields Exploration Co. HouseLocated at Hartley Hill Simbo Rivulet Um Vuli River, September1870. Sketch 46 from a collection of original sketches by Thomas Baines, (1859-1871)
Pyrope garnetA cut stone and collection of crystals of pink pyrope garnet (magnesium aluminum silicate). Specimens from the Natural History Museum, London
MetatorberniteA specimen of the mineral metatorbernite which contains uranium, copper and phosphorus. It is also radioactive
Schultenite comprises of (lead arsenate hydroxide) and derives from the phosphates group. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Copper in unspecified mineralScanning electron microscope image of an elemental map showing the distribution of copper (Cu) in mineral samples
Platinum (Pt) is an elemental and a very precious metal. The most common source of platinum is from alluvial deposits. Specimen from nirjni, Tagilsk, Urals, Russia
Wardite is comprised of hydrated sodium aluminum phosphate hydroxide. This bright green specimen has been deposited in variscite nodules
ConnelliteDeep-blue velvety crust of needles with some red cuprite. Connellite comprises of (hydrated copper sulphate chloride hydroxide). Specimen from Wheal Muttrell, Gwennap, Cornwall
Wulfenite comprises of (lead molybdate) and is characterized by thin, square tabulate crystal structures
SphaleriteDrusy aggregates of black lustrous crystals. Sphalerite or zinc blende comprised of (zinc iron sulphide). Specimen from Nenthead, Cumbria
Wagons of the South African Gold FieldsExploration Companys leaving Potchefstroom, Transvaal Republic [1869] Sketch 9 from a collection of original sketches by Thomas Baines, (1859-1871)
Kyanite comprises of (aluminum silicate) and shares this composition with both sillimanite and adalusite. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Spessartine garnetSpessartine comprises of (manganese aluminum silicate). A cut stone and crystal from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London
Pentlandite comprises of (iron nickel sulphide). This mineral does not produce good crystals and is usually found in massive form. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Wood tin, variety of cassiteriteDark-brown banded aggregates of cassiterite intergrown with white quartz and black tourmaline. Cassiterite comprises of (tin oxide). This polished specimen is from West Kitty mine, St. Agnes, Cornwall
TrechmanniteA red crystal of trechmannite comprised of (silver arsenic sulphide). A specimen from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London
Tetrahedrite
Pyromorphite
Goethite comprises of hydrated iron oxide. Picture shows radiating bands within the disc-shaped crystals. This specimen is displayed at the Natural History Museum, London
Mendipite is exclusive to the Mendips of Somerset. This specimen is from Merehead Quarry. Mendipite belongs to the oxyhalides and hydroxyhalides group
Millerite comprises of (nickel sulphide) and is characterized by hair-like fibrous crystals arranged into sprays. Specimen from the collections of the Natural History Museum, London
Pleochroism in an iolite cut stoneThis iolite (magnesium aluminium silicate) is displaying pleochroism, a varied colour effect as the gem is turned. See also 3960
Heulandite crystal group on matrix, from Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire. One of the group of Zeolites. Zeolites are microporous crystalline solids containing silicon, aluminium and oxygen
Spinel crystal and cut stoneSpinel (magnesium aluminium oxide) crystal from Ruby Mines, Mogok, Burma with spinel cut stone from Sri Lanka. Spinel is found in a red colour and has been previously mistaken for ruby
AnataseA brown to black single tetragonal crystal of anatase (titanium oxide). Anatase is a polymorph of rutile and brookite, meaning they carry the same chemistry, but with a different structure
Lycoptera, bony fish fossilFossil of a bony fish found in jurassic China, 206-142 million years ago
Sphalerite or zinc blendeDark crystals of sphalerite or zinc blende comprised of (zinc iron sulphide). Specimen from the collections of The Natural History Museum, London
Dillenia alata, red beech treeCopper plate from the original drawing by Sydney Parkinson made during Captain James Cooks first voyage across the Pacific, 1768-1771
BorniteA specimen of the mineral Bornite. This specimen is from the collections held at the Natural History Museum, London
Descloizite is comprised of (lead zinc vanadate hydroxide) and is characterized by platy crystals with a rounded triangualr shape. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Caledonite comprises of (copper lead carbonate sulphate hydroxide) and is characterized by small, well-formed intricate crystals. This specimen is from the Natural History Museum, London
Jamesonite comprises of lead iron antimony sulphide, and is characterized by hair-like fibrous crystals. This specimen is from the collections held at the Natural History Museum, London
Andradite is variety dementoid, garnet and comprises of (calcium iron silicate). These crystals are in a matrix from Lanzada, Valtellina, Italy and the cut stone is from an unknown locality
Cobaltite
Diagram showing the Earths interiorCrust - continents 35km, oceans 6km. Mantle - peridotite 2900km. Outer core - iron (liquid) 2000km. Inner core - iron (solid) 1370km
A selection of topaz cut stonesTopaz is the hardest silicate mineral and comprises of (aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide)
Beryl, variety aquamarineA specimen of the gemstone, Beryl (Beryllium aluminum silicate). This is the aquamarine variety, which is the blue variety. Another variety of beryl is emerald, which is the green variety
Olivine comprises of (magnesium iron silicate) and is a common source of magnesium. Peridot is the gemstone variety of olivine. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Gold can be rediposited during the processes taking place in the earths crust underneath volcanoes. Water traveling through cooled magma can collect minerals from igneous rock and move them elsewhere
ChondroditeChondrolite comprises of (magnesium iron silicate fluoride hydroxide) and often occurs in a granular form in crystalline limestones. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
ChalcophylliteChalcopyrite or copper pyrite comprises of (copper iron sulphide). Its a common mineral and found in almost all sulphide deposits
Rubies and sapphiresCrystals of ruby from Burma which is the red variety of corundum (aluminium oxide). The other variety is sapphire, this specimen is from Kashmir. The lower left specimen is the Edwardes Ruby