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Garnet PeridotiteGarnet-peridotite, a major constituent in the make-up of the Earth. Image published in Natures Connections An Exploration of Natural History. Published in 2000
The Nummulosphere Part I. Front CoverAn account of the organic origin of so-called igneous rocks and of abyssal red clays by Kirkpatrick, Randolph (1863-1950), London. 1913
Basalt bombGeological specimen collected by Scotts British Antarctic Expedition 1910-1913, also known as the Terra Nova expedition. It had a broad scientific programme and collected thousands of geological
Strato volcanic eruptionA strato volcano has a steep volcanic cone built up by dense lava flows and pyroclastic debris. One of a series (including image numbers 185 to 190) showing various forms of volcanic eruption
Section of Chassigny meteoriteThin section of Chassigny in cross-polarized light, showing shocked and deformed olivine grains. The field of view is 3mm
Microscope image of the Pasamonte eucriteMicroscopic image of the Pasamonte eucrite showing a basaltic texture. Field of view is 2.5mm across
Hornblende-biotite graniteGeological specimen collected by Scotts British Antarctic Expedition 1910-1913, also known as the Terra Nova expedition. It had a broad scientific programme and collected thousands of geological
Basalt columns, Real del Monte mine, MexicoEngraving of a sketch by Alexander Humboldt, 1810 Date: 1810
Quartz-feldspar porphyryGeological specimen collected by Scotts British Antarctic Expedition 1910-1913, also known as the Terra Nova expedition. It had a broad scientific programme and collected thousands of geological
Plate XXXXIV: Lava SamplesPl XXXXIV. Observation on the volcanoes of the two Sicilies, Naples, 1776 & 1779 compiled by Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803) while Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples
Diamond crystalNatural diamond crystal in Kimberlite from Kimberley, South Africa. Kimberlite is the rock in which diamonds occur. The rock was named after the the South African site, Kimberley
Moon rock fragment from the last Apollo space mission, Apollo 17, encased in perspex on a wooden plaque. The thumbnail-size rock is around 3.7 billion years old
A Tertiary Igneous DykeA Tertiary igneous dyke cutting through a sandstone deposit. The igneous rock pierced its way through the earths crust in a vertical fissure
Diorite intruded by micrograniteGeological specimen collected by Scotts British Antarctic Expedition 1910-1913, also known as the Terra Nova expedition. It had a broad scientific programme and collected thousands of geological
Basaltic dyke, collected by Dr Benza in Neilgherries, India, c.1837. NHM specimen number: BM 649
Basalt tuff, collected by Dr Benza at a hillock just north of Napoleons Tomb, St Helena, c.1837. NHM specimen number: BM 861
Kenyte lavaGeological specimen collected by Scotts British Antarctic Expedition 1910-1913, also known as the Terra Nova expedition. It had a broad scientific programme and collected thousands of geological
Granite, collected by Dr Benza from the summit of the Western range of Kaitee Valley, Neilgherries, India c.1837. NHM specimen number: BM 651
Junction of granite and limestoneFig 88 from Principles of Geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earths surface. Vol. 3 1832-33 by Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Rocks, Kushimoto, JapanA photograph taken during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876) funded by the British Government for scientific purposes
Orthoclase (potassium aluminum silicate) is a major granite forming mineral. Specimen from Brevik, Norway
Bove Valley, nr Mount Etna, SicilyPlate from Principles of Geology (1830-33) Vol. II, by C. Lyell, illustrating the Bove Valley, near Mount Etna, Sicily
Volcanic glass, Peles hairScanning electron microscope image of a sample of volcanic glass from Mt. Pele, produced to evaluate different types of laser in Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Black basalt lavaThis basalt lave has cooled quickly and gas bubbles have formed into balls of fragile, needle-sharp crystals of zeolite minerals
Diamond crystalsClockwise from top left (yellow matrix): in beach conglomerate from Namaqualand, in kimberlite from South Africa and in matrix from Siberia (bottom)
Section through volcano crater lakeIllustration shows a section through volcano crater lake and also the system of tunnels at Kelut, Java, which drain the crater lake
Surface of the early EarthAn impression by Barry Evans of what the surface of the Earth may have looked like when it was very young, and still forming
Volcanoes on the early EarthThis is an artists impression of volcanoes frequently active on the surface of early Earth
Diagram showing the Earths interiorCrust - continents 35km, oceans 6km. Mantle - peridotite 2900km. Outer core - iron (liquid) 2000km. Inner core - iron (solid) 1370km
Volcano typesBlock diagram showing: (top left) Glowing cloud eruption, (top right) a shield volcano and (Bottom) a strato-volcano
Submarine volcanic eruptionA submarine volcanic eruption may often produce a Tsunami or trigger earthquakes. One of a series (including image numbers 185 to 190) showing various forms of volcanic eruption
Cornubian granite batholithThe Cornubian granite batholith and its main outcrops in the Cornwall and Devon area, Southwest England. From Britain Before Man 1978, by F W Dunning
Tenorite is comprised of (copper oxide). It is found as grey to black metallic crystals and as a by-product of lava flows. Fibrous specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Volcanic ActivityBlock diagram showing various types of volcanic activity. One of a series of diagrams (including image numbers 185 to 190) showing volcanic activity
Igneous activityA block diagram depicting various types of igneous activity. Fig 65 from The Story of the Earth (1977), a Geological Museum booklet
Lava-flow from Edinburgh volcanoA specimen of lava-flow that erupted from the haunch vent down the flanks of the volcano to its present resting place on Whinny Hill
Common rock typesA collection of common rock types - left to right - Igneous (granite), sedimentary (sandstone) and metamorphic (schist)
Oceanic and continental crustA cross section of the Earths surface showing the continental crust on the left and oceanic crust on the right. Beneath the surface layer lies the Basaltic layer (in green) and the Mantle (in grey)
Anorthosite breccia, moon rockSpecimen of anorthosite breccia or moon rock collected on the Apollo 16 mission in April 1972, and mounted in an acrylic block for protection and display
The cliff edge engine houses of Wheal TrewavasSituated on the Tregonning granite at Trewavas Head, south Cornwall. Image used in Minerals of Cornwall and Devon by P.G. Embrey and R.F. Symes, 1987, page 40. See also 4072
Gersdorffite comprises of (nickel arsenic suphide). It is associated with hydrothermal veins and magma derived from sulphite deposits. Specimen from the Natural History Museum, London
Unakite
Obsidian specimen
AgglomerateAn agglomerate is a rock formed of angular volcanic fragments. Specimen from Volcanoes 2nd edition fig 57 (top)
Plate XXXVIII: Lava curtain and royal partyPl XXXVIII. Observation on the volcanoes of the two Sicilies, Naples, 1776 & 1779 compiled by Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803) while Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples
Observing structure of rockLooking at fresh granite under a microscope to study structure, granular composition can clearly be seen
Platyphysa prinsepi, freshwater snails65 million year old freshwater snail specimens that were engulfed by lava flows. Originating from the Late Cretaceous, Nagpur, India
Krakatoa in eruptionKrakatoa during an early stage of the eruption. Plate 1 from The Eruption of Krakatoa (1888) by G. J. Symons