Hominini Collection

Sensory homunculus
This model shows what a mans body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception

Motor homunculus
This model shows what a mans body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its movement

Hominid crania
L to R: Australopithecus africanus; Homo rudolfensis; H.erectus; H. heildebergensis; H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens

Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1) (Lucy)
A cast of the partial skeleton (nicknamed Lucy) of Australopithecus afarensis found at the Hadar, North East Ethiopia in 1974 by Donald Johanson

Homo erectus (Sangiran 17), H. sapiens (?) H. neanderthalens
L to R, cast of Homo erectus, (Sangiran 17), Sangiran, Java, 700, 000 years old; cast of recent Homo sapiens skull from South East Asia; cast of Neanderthal skull from La Ferrassie, France, 50

Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1) (Lucy)
A partial skeleton (nicknamed Lucy) of Australopithecus afarensis found at the Hadar, North East Ethiopia in 1974 by Donald Johanson

The Makapansgat Pebble
Three-million-year-old Makapansgat Pebble from South Africa. Perhaps the most ancient art object in the world. It is said to have been carried over a distance of four kilometers by Australopithecus

Liver
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a section through a liver (x 7000), an organ that has over 500 functions in the human body (x 800)

Neanderthal spear point
A spear point once belonging to that of Neanderthal Man (Homo neanderthalensis). This specimen was discovered in Gorhams Cave, Gibraltar

Paranthropus boisei (Zinjanthropus) cranium (OH5)
Cast of the cranium of a young male of Paranthropus boisei discovered by Mary Leakey in 1959 at Olduvai Gorge

Homo neanderthalensis in action at Swanscombe, UK
An illustration by Angus McBride showing a group of Homo neanderthalensis on the ancient banks of the river Thames in modern day Swanscombe, Kent

Cro-magnon and Neanderthal skull comparison
Side view comparison of casts of Cro-Magnon skull from Brno, Czech Republic, Upper Palaeolithic (right), and Neanderthal skull from La Chapelle, France, Middle Palaeolithic (left)

Human cell
Illustration of a highly magnified section through a human cell. Page 8 from Human Biology, 1977

Neanderthal skull
Skull of an adult, female neanderthal

Homo habilis in action
An illustration by Angus McBride showing Homo habilis using tools to kill an Antelope. Homo habilis lived in East Africa between 1.6 and 2 million years ago

Skeleton of Negrillo or pigmy
A skeleton of a female pygmy from the Akka Tribe, Monnattu, central Africa. Specimen presented by Dr Emin Pasha, 1887. Photograph by J Benjamin Stone in 1907

Australopithecine or Homo habilis foot (OH8) cast
Cast of a near complete foot (OH 8) from an Australopthecus or Homo habilis discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Louis Leakey in 1960. It dates back to 1.75 million years ago

Homo erectus, Java Man cranium (Sangiran 17) cast
Lateral view of partially reconstructed cranium of Homo erectus Java Man about 700, 000 years old known as Sangiran 17. Discovered by Towikromo in 1969

Engraving of a human skull
Collected from the Admiralty Islands in the south-western Pacific, on The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876) was funded by the British Government for the purpose of scientific discovery

Australopithecus afarensis
Illustration by Maurice Wilson of extinct African hominids (Australopithecus afarensis) living 3-4 million years ago. They walked upright, although they retained the ability to climb trees

Homo rudolfensis (KNM-ER 1470) Homo habilis (KNM-ER 1813)
On the left, KNM-ER 1470 (also attributed to H. rudolfensis). On the right, KNM-ER 1813. Both skulls are about 2 million years old. Held at The Natural History Museum, London

Hominid reconstructions in chronological order
From left to right: Australopithecus, Early Homo erectus (Java Man), Late Homo erectus (Peking Man), Homo heidelbergensis (Rhodesian Man), Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon)

Triatoma infestans, kissing bug
This insect is a member of the Triatomine group, which are associated with the transmission of disease to humans

Homo heidelbergensis in action
A reconstructed scene by Angus McBride showing Homo erectus killing an elephant. Homo heidelbergensis lived for about 1.5 million years and is believed to have used sophisticated tools

Human red blood corpuscles
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of red blood cells showing their characteristic biconcave shape which increases the surface area for diffusion

A naturalist being mobbed by Pteroglossus beauharnaesii, cur
Illustration from Henry Walter Bates The Naturalist on the Amazons (1884)

Upper Palaeolithic tools 18 - 30, 000 years old
L-R: a) Bone used to make needle blanks. b) Bone needle. c & d) Harpoon head and Barbed Point carved from antler. e & f) Two heads carved in mammoth ivory

Modern human skull
Skull of an adult, female modern human

Flint hand axe
Photograph of a human-made hand axe, which was discovered in 1859, and is thought to be about 400, 000 years old

Homo erectus cranium casts Peking Man & OH9
Left: This skull is a reconstruction based upon evidence discovered at locality 1, Zhoukoudian Cave which date back 500, 000 years

Homo erectus (or Homo ergaster), Turkana boy (KNM-WT 15000)
A replica of the fossil cranium (with reconstruction) that once belonged to a male Homo erectus aged 9 to 12 years old when he died

Schistosoma spp. blood fluke
The blood fluke (Schistosoma spp.) is the cause of the disease bilharzia or schistosomiasis in humans

Taenia solium, pork tapeworm
The pork tapeworm parasite can reach lengths of up to 8 metres. It is found in humans and animals which have consumed meat infected with the larvae

Homo sapiens cranium (Irhoud 1)
Lateral and frontal view of a cast of an adult male Homo sapiens skull discovered at Jebel Irhoud (formerly Ighoud), Morocco, by Mohammed Ben Fatmi, Summer 1961

Capillaria philippinensis, parasitic worm
This worm species (Capillaria philippinensis) is a parasite of the human small intestine

Homo erectus, Java Man cranium (Sangiran 17)

A Medieval nightmare
This hand coloured woodcut showing a human headed bird grappling a man is from Jacobus Meydenbacks Hortus Sanitatis

Homo neanderthalensis, Neanderthal man model
A model reconstruction of a Neanderthal family situated within a cave. Neanderthal lived between 135, 000 to 35, 000 years ago

Homo sapiens cranium (Cro-Magnon 1)
Lateral and frontal view of a cast of a skull belonging to Homo sapiens Le Viellard, adult male about 45 years of age. Discovered near the station, Les Eyzies de Tayac, France by workmen, March 1868

Cochliomyia hominivorax, new world screwworm puparium
The pupa case or puparium of a new world screwworm originating from a human, contracted in Trinidad

Dermatobia hominis, human botfly
Second stage of the human botfly (Dermatobia hominis) in leg - contracted in Bolivia. Photographed by Martin Hall

Homo neanderthalensis, Neanderthal Woman (Tabun C1)
Model of Neanderthal woman (Homo neanderthalensis) based upon measurements taken from the fossil skeleton of a female Neanderthal discovered at Tabun, Israel, known as Tabun C1 who lived about 100

Reindeer antler from Neschers
This reindeer antler from Neschers in France is engraved with a stylised horse. It was created by early humans and found between 1830 and 1848. Date: 1830

Homo neanderthalensis and Homo heildebergensis
Left: Cranium of Neanderthal man discovered at Forbes quarry Gibraltar in 1848. Right: Cranium of Broken Hill, or Rhodesian man (H. heidelbergensis) discovered at Broken Hill, Zambia in 1921

Broken Hill skull, Homo heidelbergensis, discovered in Africa in 1921. The skull belonged to an adult male and may be 200, 000 to 300, 000 years old

Homo heidelbergensis mandible casts (Mauer 1 and Swartkrans)
The larger mandible is a cast from Homo heidelbergensis and was discovered by workmen at Mauer sand-pit, Germany in 1907. The smaller is of a mandible discovered in Swartkrans, South Africa

Homo neanderthalensis (Ferrassie 1) cranium cast
Cranium cast of an adult male Neandertal Man (Homo neanderthalensis) discovered at La Ferrassie, Dordogne, France, by D Peyrony and L. Captian in 1909. The original specimen dates back 70, 000 years

Homo sapiens tibia
Two human bones from different sides of the Atlantic ocean used to show how syphillis was spread since its appearance in Naples in 1495

Homo sapiens cranium (Predmosti 3) cast

Homo erectus, Java Man (Sangiran 17) cranium cast
Three quarter view of partially reconstructed cranium of Homo erectus Java Man about 700, 000 years old known as Sangiran 17. Discovered by Towikromo in 1969

Homo erectus crania (Ngandong 1 & Trinil)
The larger cranium belongs to Homo erectus discovered at Ngandong near to the Solo River on the island of Java, Indonesia

Lower jaw casts of Paranthropus robustus (Swartkrans 23) and
From Swartkrans, South Africa (left) and Peninj, Tanzania (right)

Ascaris lumbricoides, human roundworm
The human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) is the largest nematode to parasitize humans, growing up to 16 inches long

Homo neanderthalensis hunting in Swanscombe
A Homo neanderthalensis group hunting fallow deer on the banks of the river Thames at modern day Swanscombe, Kent 400, 000 years ago. Illustration by Angus McBride

Gracula religiosa indica, Acridotheres cristellus, Paroaria
Large Series plate 12, a watercolour from the John Reeves Collection of Zoological Drawings from Canton, China

Homo heidelbergensis, Boxgrove Man tibia
The tibia or shin bone of Boxgrove Man (Homo heidelbergensis) discovered in a quarry at Boxgrove, West Sussex, UK

Homo sapiens, Cro-Magnon man
A model head of Homo sapiens, Cro-Magnon man. Cro-Magnon man, an anatomically modern human lived around 30, 000 years ago in the Dordogne region of France. This model was created by Maurice Wilson

Homo neanderthalensis
A model head of Neanderthal man (Homo neanderthalensis) created by Maurice Wilson. Neanderthal man is believed to have lived between around 130, 000 and 35, 000 years ago

Homo sapiens (Singa 1) cranium
A heavily mineralized cranium once belonging to that of Homo sapiens who lived about 130, 000 years ago. This specimen was discovered in Singa, Sudan by W.R.G. Bond in 1924

Homo sapiens, Cro-Magnon man head
A reconstruction of the head of Cro-Magnon man by Maurice Wilson, c. 1950. Cro-Magnon man is possibly Western Europes most famous anatomically modern human

Homo heidelbergensis, Boxgrove Man
An artists impression of Boxgrove Man (Homo heidelbergensis) based on fossil evidence discovered at a quarry in Boxgrove, Chichester, W. Sussex

Homo sapiens cranium (Predmosti 3)
Frontal view of cranium and mandible (casts) of a Homo sapiens male aged 35-40 discovered at Predmosti, North East Moravia, Czech Republic. By K.J. Maska, June 1894. This specimen dates back 30, 000

Paranthropus sp. (left) and Homo erectus (right)
Illustration by Maurice Wilson. 2 to 1.5 million years ago parts of Africa were populated by these two hominids. Paranthropus foraged peacefully but here is threatened by Homo erectus

Homo heildelbergensis, Rhodesian or Broken Hill Man (Broken
Basilar view of the cranium belonging to Broken Hill Man (Homo heildelbergensis) discovered at Broken Hill Mine, Kabwe, Zambia by T. Zwigelaar in June 1921. It dates back 130, 000 years

Homo habilis cranium (OH24) (reconstruction)
Cast of a reconstructed cranium from Bed 1, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Olduvai Hominid 24, known as Twiggy (OH 24). Discovered by Paul Nzube in 1968

Homo sapiens cranium (Irhoud 2)
Lateral and facial view of a cast of a skull belonging to an adult male Homo sapiens discovered at Jebel Irhoud (formerly Ighoud), Barytes mine S.E of Safi, Morocco, by Mohammed Ben Fatmi, summer 1961

Pthirus pubis, crab louse
A crab louse with a body length 3.5 mm, this species of louse is known to sometimes infest the human body

Homo sapiens cranium (Qafzeh 9)
Lateral and frontal view of a cast of a Homo sapiens adult skull discovered at Dkebel Kafzeh, Israel by B. Vandermeersch, 1965-1969

Gigantopithecus model jaw
Model of Gigantopithecus jaw with Gorilla jaw for scale

Australopithecus boisei (OH5) & Homo habilis (OH24) crania
Two cranium casts of: (left) Australopithecus boisei known as OH5 and (right) homo habilis known as OH24. Both original specimens were discovered within Bed 1 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Tabun Cave, Israel
Mugharet et-Tabun, cave in the Wadi el-Mughara, southern part of the Mount Carmel range, excavation site of Homo neanderthalensis

Rhodnius prolixus, C
This insect is a member of the Triatomine group, which are associated with the transmission of disease to humans

Australopithecus africanus mandible (MLD 2)
Mandible and teeth of an adolescent male (of about 12 years) Australopithecus africanus discovered at Makapansgat by A.R. Hughes and S. Kitching in July 1948

A Swanscombe Hand Axe
One of many hand axes that have been discovered at the Homo neanderthalensis site of Swanscombe, Kent which was inhabited about 500, 000 to 300, 000 years ago

Homo habilis tools
A collection of pebble tools (Oldowan) discovered at the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. They date back to about 1.8 million years ago

Horse-head engraved on bone
Late Pleistocene wild horses head engraved on the right fourth metatarsal bone of a horse, specimen (NHM 38745)

Homo heildelbergensis, Broken Hill Man
Broken Hill skull, Homo heidelbergensis, discovered in Africa in 1921. The skull belonged to an adult male and may be 200, 000 to 300, 000 years old

Homo neanderthalensis (Ferrassie 1) cranium
Cranium and mandibula cast of an adult male Neandertal Man (Homo neanderthalensis) discovered at La Ferrassie, Dordogne, France, by D Peyrony and L. Captian in 1909

Homo neanderthalensis (calpicus) cranium
First skull of an adult female Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis, about 50, 000 years old. Unearthed in 1848 in Gibraltar. Date: 1848

Homo habilis carniums casts from Olduvai Gorge and Koobi For
The white cranium is Homo habilis discovered at Koobi Fora, East Turkana, Kenya believed to have lived about 1.8 million years ago

Skull cups and bone fragments, Goughs Cave
Skull cups identified among human remains from Goughs Cave, Somerset. At around 14, 700 years old, the skull cups are the oldest directly dated examples in the world

Paranthropus robustus cranium (SK 48)
A cast of the cranium belonging to an adult female Paranthropus robustus discovered at Swartkrans, South Africa by Dr. Robert Broom and J.T. Robinson. P. robustus lived around 1.5 million years ago

Aurignacian tools
A bone point, probably a spearhead and a flint end-scraper tool of Aurignacian age, 30, 000 - 34, 000 years old from France

Australopithecus africanus model
Model of an adult female Australopithecus africanus reconstructed from remains found at Sterkfontein, South Africa. Probably lived about 2.5 million years ago during the Plio-Pleistocene

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